The papers // how to check a claim
Thymosin Alpha-1 References: Find the Medical Papers
Goldstein’s first paper tells how his team found the thymus protein they hoped would help immune cells fight germs. Later entries link each medical study.
How do you find the paper behind a claim?
Goldstein’s team published its first paper in 1977. They were seeking the thymus part that helped immune cells fight germs. The paper tells how they found Thymosin Alpha-1.
Study claims on this site end with its matching number between square brackets. Use that number on the online references page. Each entry gives the writers, year, medical journal, and a link. PubMed is the federal medical library’s paper list. Its link opens the library record.
The list includes the 2025 phase 3 sepsis test and the 2025 aging review. That label means the final large test. Failed tests stay listed.
If your printed copy has no list, open this page online. Then you can check our account against the paper.
- Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
- Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
- Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
- Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
- Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
- Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
- Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, et al. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. ↗
- Ershler WB, Gravenstein S, Geloo ZS. Thymosin alpha 1 as an adjunct to influenza vaccination in the elderly: rationale and trial summaries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:375-384. ↗
- Ershler WB, Moore AL, Socinski MA. Influenza and aging: age-related changes and the effects of thymosin on the antibody response to influenza vaccine. J Clin Immunol. 1984;4(6):445-454. ↗
- Panatto D, Amicizia D, Lai PL, Camerini R, De Rosa A, Gasparini R. Utility of thymosin alpha-1 as a co-adjuvant in influenza vaccines: a review. J Prev Med Hyg. 2011;52(3):111-115. ↗
- Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin α1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
- Naylor PH, Mutchnick MG. Immunotherapy for hepatitis B in the direct acting antiviral era: Reevaluating the thymosin α1 efficacy trials in the light of a combination therapy approach. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(1):4-9. ↗
- Wu M, Ji JJ, Zhong L, et al. Thymosin α1 therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;88:106873. ↗
- Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:141-155. ↗
- Simonova MA, Ivanov I, Shoshina NS, Komyakova AM, et al. Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(23):11470. ↗